Microfiltration (MF) membranes are a class of pressure-driven membrane separation processes designed to remove suspended solids, bacteria, and large colloids from liquids, operating at pore sizes typically ranging from approximately 0.1 to 10 micrometers (µm). This pore size range positions microfiltration as a coarse filtration method compared to ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, which remove progressively smaller particles.

The fundamental principle behind microfiltration is size exclusion: the membrane acts as a physical barrier, allowing water and dissolved solutes to pass through while retaining particles larger than its specified pore size. MF membranes can be made from a variety of polymeric materials (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, polysulfone, PVDF) or inorganic materials (e.g., ceramics), and are typically configured as flat sheets, hollow fibers, or tubular modules. The choice of material and configuration depends on the specific application, feed water characteristics, and required chemical resistance.

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Applications of microfiltration are diverse and critical across numerous industries. In water treatment, MF is widely used for pre-treatment to remove suspended solids before more advanced membrane processes, for clarifying surface water, and for removing pathogenic microorganisms like Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In the food and beverage industry, it's employed for cold sterilization of beer and wine, clarification of fruit juices, and dairy processing. In the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, MF is used for cell harvesting, clarification of fermentation broths, and particulate removal. While microfiltration effectively removes suspended matter and most bacteria, it does not remove viruses or dissolved solutes, often necessitating its use in conjunction with other purification steps. Its relatively low operating pressures compared to finer membranes contribute to its cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency for appropriate applications.